Mar 13 2020
The unprecedented intensity of the recent fires here in Australia has meant we are leaning heavily on the science community to help understand and predict the future behaviour and spread of bushfires.
Research released by ANSTO this week has refuted the previously held beliefs that charcoal particles after a fire event only settle around 100 metres from the fire ground, instead demonstrating they can travel up to 50 km.
Scientists use the records of fire events from the past to anticipate what might occur in the future. Scientists at ANSTO can locate these history markers and recreate a history of fire in a specific location that goes back hundreds of years.
Because intense fires, similar to what Australia experienced earlier this year, have also recently also occurred in the US, Canada, Kazakhstan, Africa and South America, this new Australian data may have global implications for how we reconstruct fire histories
When ANSTO environmental scientist Dr. Craig Woodward noticed large pieces of charcoal on his balcony in his Sydney home at the height of summer bushfires, it piqued his curiosity.
“For us environmental scientists, finding charcoal particles in water sediment is an indication the particles belonged to a local fire, generally less within 100 metres,” Dr. Woodward said.
However, in a fast-track report for the journal Holocene, Woodward and co-author Dr. Heather Haines of the University of New South Wales documented the long-distance charcoal was carried from the large intense fires west of Sydney and its implications for the reconstruction of fire history.
The charcoal particles, which were classified between 2 and 5 cm in size after sieving, were travelling approximately 50 kilometres from the fire front in western Sydney to the Sutherland Shire in Sydney’s south.
Woodward and Haines also found macroscopic charcoal particles on the cliffs above Cronulla beach, where large amounts of charcoal were washing ashore.
Previously, the longest documented cases of macroscopic charcoal transport in the literature was 20 kilometres from a fire in Montana in the US.
Using online fire location information from the bushfire directory, synoptic weather patterns and topographical maps, the researchers were able to determine how and why the macroscopic charcoalhad travelled that distance.
The distance travelled by the charcoal particles is due to a variety of factors including of fire intensity, topography and wind velocity.
Satellite imagery confirmed the presence of two very large and intense fires west of Sydney this summer.
"You need to have an intense fire, such as we saw in the recent bushfire disaster, to generate the energy to produce the uplift of the leaves and bark," explained Woodward.
Injection and the plume height are directly related to fire intensity. Particles that are lifted higher are transported further.
The weather conditions at the time, particularly the sustained westerly that was blowing and the wind speed were facilitating the transport.
"Winds of 90 kilometres an hour were recorded at the height of the plume at an altitude of approximately 10 kilometres," said ANSTO’s Woodward.
The topography of the country was another contributing factor with the Sydney fires occurring at the edge of mountainous terrain, with relatively flat, undulating land to the east.
As there was nothing to stop the transport of the particles, such as elevated areas, they travelled further.
"And the other thing that is important when you talk about Australia is the type of particle. Unlike Canada where fires occur in conifer forests, in Australia we have eucalypts, which are consumed as fuel by the fire," said Woodward.
The charcoal that was found both on Woodward's balcony in the Sutherland Shire and Cronulla beach was in charred leaf fragments and charred wood from eucalypts.
Certain types of vegetation are more likely to be transported. Because the long, flat surface of the eucalyptus leaf produces long flat particles with a large surface area, they are easily lifted and transported by convection.
"Charcoal particles are a major tool for me because they fall out and land in wetlands and lakes. I can use them to reconstruct fire and climate history in New Zealand and Australia," said Woodward
"After using a variety of techniques, you end up with a record of how much charcoal has been deposited in that wetland, and if the charcoal particles are large you assume it is a local fire," said Woodward.
"But after this study, we can't really make this assumption anymore,” said Woodward.