Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers are deploying their broad expertise in climate data and modeling to create science-based mitigation strategies for cities stressed by climate change as part of two U.S. Department of Energy Urban Integrated Field Laboratory projects.
The Urban IFLs are designed to bring together scientists from multiple research institutions to collect environmental and atmospheric data and incorporate it into models to predict localized climate change impacts. Those models are then used to explore different climate resilience technologies and solutions that could enhance community-level resilience, with a focus on underrepresented and disadvantaged neighborhoods.
"ORNL has a deep history of large-scale experimental and modeling science in vulnerable ecosystems to help us better understand complex climate processes," said Eric Pierce, director of ORNL's Environmental Sciences Division. "Applying that expertise and ORNL's big science tools like Frontier, the world's fastest supercomputer, to help provide real-world solutions for heavily populated urban areas is a natural fit."
Tackling a Texas-sized Challenge
In Texas, ORNL is collaborating on a project led by the University of Texas at Austin that focuses on the coastal communities of Beaumont and Port Arthur. Sea level rise, urban sprawl and the legacy of petrochemical industry operations present specific challenges for these port cities, where ORNL scientists will analyze risks from flooding. Other universities collaborating on the project are Lamar University, Texas A&M University and Prairie View A&M University
The research leverages ORNL's expertise in modeling and predicting environmental change, considering the region's geography and storm patterns, as well as the built environment of roads and buildings. The work builds on the lab's proven capabilities in urban scaling and Earth system modeling, plus its award-winning Amanzi-ATS simulation software that provides detailed analysis of large-scale watersheds by leveraging diverse national datasets and workflows.
"We'll be conducting flood modeling and looking at a variety of factors in storm patterns and how they will evolve under climate change in the next decades," said computational hydrologist Ethan Coon, who leads ORNL's work on the project. "We'll be using machine learning to understand how land cover will change due to urban sprawl and population growth and what that means for water."
"As you add more impervious surfaces like roads and buildings you take away the ability of the soil to absorb water and buffer against flooding," Coon said. "Using our data-informed simulations, we determine how much we can lower those risks by pursuing projects like additional parklands and water-pervious pavements."
The model can then be used by city planners in conjunction with local collaborators like UT Austin and Lamar University to co-design green infrastructure proven by science to be effective, Coon said.
That is one of the key goals of the Urban IFLs: science-based strategies that can be implemented in response to climate impacts already underway. "What does climate change mean for our communities and how can we get these predictions into the hands of local decision-makers?" Coon said. "The Urban IFLs let us take all we've accomplished in climate modeling and zero in on this approach."
Unearthing Green Solutions for Baltimore
In Baltimore, ORNL is partnered on a project led by Johns Hopkins University to better understand and address challenges posed by aging infrastructure, increased heat and flood risk, and air and water pollution typical of mid-sized industrial cities.
ORNL will use its extensive Earth system modeling experience and capabilities, including the land surface model developed and maintained by ORNL for the DOE Energy Exascale Earth System Model as well as its expertise in plant life cycles to create and refine simulations of Baltimore's urban environment with an emphasis on modeling vegetation patterns and impacts.
Climate scientists are interested in the cooling effect that trees and plants can have on heat-stressed urban environments.
"Trees and plants draw moisture out of the soil and convert it to water vapor that's released to the atmosphere, creating a cooling effect that can help offset the impact of urban heat islands on vulnerable populations," said Dan Ricciuto, leader of ORNL's Earth Systems Modeling group and of the lab's collaboration on the Baltimore project.
ORNL will also provide data storage and access services to the project, which is expected to result in huge datasets as scientists model all the parameters at play in the city's risk profile and resilience strategies.
Data storage and access are key capabilities at ORNL. The lab assembles and provides access to terrestrial observations and models supporting NASA's Earth science missions in the ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics. ORNL also hosts and facilitates access to the massive datasets of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement DOE Office of Science user facility that underpin the world's most influential climate models.
"We have a lot of experience with what's known as the ModEx approach -; integrating environmental observations from widespread networks into large-scale models," Ricciuto said. "ORNL is continually refining and calibrating such models, and we look forward to incorporating new knowledge about urban ecosystems into E3SM through this project." By pinpointing climate impacts and mitigation for specific underserved neighborhoods, the Urban IFL brings a new granularity to ORNL's modeling, he added.
Coon said that climate scientists have historically focused on global models to predict the planet's future and are currently refining those predictions about Earth's processes. "There's still important work to do there," he said. "But just as important is research on what can be done now to adapt to the environmental change already happening."
The Urban IFLs are sponsored by the Biological and Environmental Research program in DOE's Office of Science.
UT-Battelle manages ORNL for DOE's Office of Science, the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States. The Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.